Concept of Competitive Advantage | Literature Review

Concept of Competitive Advantage | Literature Review Abstract:- This article addresses the issues of the development of the concept of competitive advantages. It is based on theories of different writers, their explanation and a literature review of these theories. Competitive advantages arises from different firms attributes and characteristics that allow one firm to create better customer value than do others. Competitive advantage includes ownership of assets and their positions. To achieve and sustain competitive advantage, a firm or industry need to create creativity. Strategic management theories give the concept of competitive advantage and explain the performance and ability of the firm and describe how we can run the firm in the right direction. Introduction :- The concept of competitive advantage are quiet same in different industries or firms and writers are explain in different ways but they rotate on same point for example superior performance of the firm in a decent manner. There are various theoretical framework are used to explain competitive advantage. Competitive advantage arises from the differential among firms along any dimensions of firm to create better customer value against the competitors. The basic purpose of this coursework to indicate how firm can gain their position in the market. This coursework can help to analyse different theories of management and give an integrative framework that helps management practitioners systematically analyse the nature and cause of competitive advantage in a different manner. LITERATURE REVIEW:- There are basically five forces to develop basic foundations include competitors, threat of new entrants substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of buyers. Companies are fighting with each other and some of them are defend itself against these competitive forces (Porter 1998). The resources and capabilities of a firm are the central consideration in formulating its strategy. The resource based theory approach to strategy formulated understands the relationship between resources, capabilities, competitive advantage and profitability. According to writer there are four factors which are useful for the firm to increase their depth i.e. strategy, competitive advantage, capabilities and resources (Grant 1991). According to writer he relates the competitive advantage with a theory of comparative advantage. According to his theory he say that the comparative advantage theory suffer from the same weakness as a neoclassical theory of the firm. So according to writer the idea of competitive advantage gives explanatory power of strategy and organization. The success of firm in the market depends upon the organisation work of firm, sector and their interrelationship. They sought where a competitive advantage could be established by devolving organizational superiority (Bagnoli. et. al; 2003). There can be a heterogeneity or firm level differences among firms that allow some of them to sustain competitive advantage. The main concept of theory are based on four points i.e. valuable, rare imperfectly unite able, without strategically equivalent substitutes (Barney 1991). The ability of the firm is stay ahead of competition with the help of their superior performance and leaderships. So competitive advantage is directly proportional to competition either it is in different departments or in different firm throughout the world. Manager could understand the current position of the firm. In short porter argues that strategy is a race to get an ideal position in the market and differentiate itself for targeting customer (Porter 1998). Scholars in the strategy field are concerned fundamentally with explaining differential firm performance. As strategy scholars have searched for sources of competitive advantage. Two prominent views have emerged regarding the source of supernormal returns. Primarily a function of a firm membership in an industry with favourable structural characteristics and secondly is that differential firm performance is fundamentally due to firm heterogeneity rather than industry structure (Rumlet et.al; 1994). Competition in any industry does not stem only for competitors and it also influenced by the underlying structure of the industry. Additionally author stresses competitive advantage, which is created and hence can be controlled by individual firms and not comparative advantage (access to factors of production like cheap or natural resources), which is mainly inherited (Porter 1985). The purpose of the industrial organization was the internal competition of the industry. This aim was inverted to produce models aim at helping firms realize supernormal returns by surreptitious way of competition (Barney 1986). The development and implementation of new ideas by people who overtime engage in transactions with other within an institutional context (Van 1989). The generation, acceptance and implementations of new ideas, processes, products and services to create a market and competition against the competitors (Kanter 1983). Different researchers attempt to explain the superior performance of the firm. They explain how firm can gain their better position in the market. Some of them say, the leading hypothesis is that sustained superior performance coming from sustained competitive advantage Barney (1997). But on the other hand Grant (1998) can relate the superior performance of the firm with competitive advantage. According to them competitive advantage and superior performance of the firm are different unit to each other. Theories are different as the source of competitive advantage. Because some time firm gain their superior performance by using different tactics like monopoly, because they want to maintain their position or protect their position against the compotators. This is the best point according to the big firms, because they create monopoly in the market and try to protect their position (Caves et. al; 1977) Sometimes the superior performance of the firm depends on the level of the firm, business unit, corporation or industry. Because in big firms the power of gaining is more as compare with small firms. So small firms cannot compete the large firms (Powell et. al; 1997). Better explanation for superior performance may exist, it has specifiable causes and these causes are tied to perform distributors may be fellow simple heuristics or stem for a single process such as problem solving Popper (1972). According to Powell (1996), strategic management has not told us the significant debate on the competitive advantage. According to writer there are two proportions are important to increase the performance of the firm. First one is the dependent variable (superior performance) of the firm and secondly independent variables include competitive advantage. He separates these two proportions and gives the relationship between them. On the other hand if we examine this theory with other theories like Porter (1998) theory. His attention toward the firm and how much firm create competition in the market and how much effort put by firm to stay ahead against the competitors. But according to Robert (1999) sustainable competitive advantage is not necessary or important for the superior performance of the firm. But on the other hand Barney (1996) can relate sustainable competitive advantage with the performance of the firm. There is substantial agreement with in the literature on the price, cost and differentiation definition of competitive advantage. But according to Reed (1990) competitive advantage does not play a vital role for making the firms strategy. He creates a link between competitive advantage and competence. He says competitive advantage can be derived from numerous sources and advantage can come from competence and this competence can control by firm and can be manipulated with in the strategy to generate advantage for performance. On the other hand Porter (1998) says superior performance of the firm is due to the competitive advantage. He relates competitive advantage directly with the competition, so the ability of the firm to stay ahead of competition with help of their superior performance. But the major development comes when Hofer (1978) described competitive advantage the unique position of an organization developed against the competitors through its patterns of resources deploymen ts. He suggesting that competitive advantage ensues from competencies. They also say that competitive advantage as something can be used with the firm strategy. As such competencies and competitive advantage are independent variables while a firm performance is the dependant variables. (Mahoney et. al; 1992) suggests in his article about the special issue in his article. He says firm physical resources and its capabilities interact to create competitive advantage. He seeks to reconcile the resources and capabilities based theories of competitive advantage through the theory of invisible assets. This theory was proposed by (Itami et. al; 1987) holds that experience and constitute the principle source of sustainable competitive advantage. If we talk about the competitive advantage then we cannot neglect the overall progress of the country. Some governments can support their industrial sector because industrial sector is directly proportional to the economy of the country especially we can see in china and in of United States of America. So according to Porter (1998) specific elements condition the international success of an enterprise in a certain segments. He figures out that the enterprises of an inferior cost or differentiated product to assert them worldwide. According to them through the globalization of the economic game enterprise to improve their competitive advantage. The same thing can explain by other writers. To create a competitive advantage, the enterprise is required to progress to innovate and to discover the best competitive opportunities and exploit them. So create an opportunity against the competitors Robert (1999). According too many writers and their theories, why a country is more competitive than others. The national competitiveness comes from macro-economic phenomena directed by change rate, interest rate, deficit of the national budget. On the other hand some of them Robert (1999) says some companies or industrial sector are try to compete with cheap work force of with cheap raw material. The big example of this point is China. In china the work force is very cheap and there is no tax on any import and export. Chines government are support their industrial sector and improve their economy. According to the writer, the creation and capture of private and social value by firm that adopt corporate social responsibility strategies. So to achieve a competitive advantage is a responsibility of a manager to accomplish their objective. He relates this theory with the economics such as hedonic pricing, contingent valuation and the new literature on the economics of industrial organization. The same kind of things was discuss by Barney (1986) in his journal and also by porter (1998) in his book. Sometime researchers are not depending on the same point. Because in every case they have a different task and every case of superior performance is unique, extreme and non-generalization Starbucks (1992). But according to (Bowen et. al; 1999), competitive advantage has generated a large volume of scholarly output, both theoretical and empirical. So strategic management researchers has not produced a same effect on the competitive advantage. Most empirical studies infer the existence of competitive advantages. Examples of competitive advantage:- The most powerful example of achieving competitive advantage against the competitors is an Apple company. First this company based on computers but after that Apple has established a stellar reputation for developing products that there customer needs and want. The iPhones, iPods and iPads each combine functionally, ease of use, which not merely satisfy but delight the customers. They promote their products in a different manner like music for iPods and application software for iPhones. The competitors of Apple Company try to compete by using different hardware features, sometime same features like touchscreen and applications but they cannot compete the Apple Company. The main reason of this happening because Apples instance secrecy about its product development makes it hard for imitation to begin before the product is launched, thats why Apples Company takes advantage over others. Secondly Apple Company gives useful applications like iTunes by being first on attractive fixed charg es. So finally prove itself all over the world with their outstanding performance and services. Chinas is the second most powerful country economically now a days, because of their industrial sector. Chines government support their industry in a decent way and help to improve their strength. In textile sector China play a vital role throughout the world. In 2005 china controlled one third markets of garments in Europe and one fourth markets in United States of America. More than 50% of the market capture by China all over the world in textile sector. There are few reasons why china is dominant in the market. Firstly the inflation rate is increased all over the world and due to this reason the prices are going up. Secondly low labour cost as compare with Europe and United States of America. In china the utility cost is very low due to the support of their government to their industrial sector. On the other hand Pakistan, India and honking are try to give some competition but they are given so much competition and the market are increased very dramatically. The same thing was dis cuss by Robert (1999) in his article. He says how much cheap labour and material are affected the overall progress of the company (Brambilla. et. al; 2007). In 2004, when Danish maker of interconnecting brick toys had lost money each of the previous six years, its survival as an independent company was in jeopardy. Lego had been harmed by falling birth-rates in many developed countries, by low-cost imitations, and by their many boy customers switching from traditional toys to video games and personal computers. This is very interesting thing when your business will decrease due to birth rate. Because the A poorly-conceived attempt at diversification followed. When Jordan Knudstorp was appointed CEO, in addition to divesting noncore businesses and cutting costs, he worked to enhance Legos competitive advantages. Because of its philosophy of learning through play, Lego had avoided toys about fighting or violence, despite the interest of boys in both. By leveraging Legos strong brand name, design capability and quality reputation into products based on Star Wars, Batman, and Ferrari race cars, Legos turnaround gained traction. Knudstorp als o grew Legos Mindstorms buildable, programmable robot line to the point that it and other non-interlocking-brick products exceed 33 percent of sales. Sometimes when your strategy maker or upper level management was unclear about the strategy then sometimes the firms are clash. The same thing happening with the Teco Bell company. The CEO John Martin strategy was unclear and performance was medicore. Understanding with his customer thing and their needs and desires was outstanding; he commissioned a major study employing conjoint analysis. On his first attempt he changes the customer services value with fast service, accurate order filling. But more surprising was that the customer considered the condition captured in the fact formula to be more important than having an authentic ethnic food experience. Taco Bell wasnt competing with Tex-Mex restaurants because competitors are fast food provider but Taco Bell is not. Now John Martin develops a value base strategy and tries to give a better service in low cost. Now he cut down the prices and reducing store size with better facilities. He upgraded the restaurants by using new data ent ry equipment; improve store layout and the job profile for store managers and for manager assistants emphasized customer service. Due to these changing in his strategy now Teco Bell has 5000 restaurants. So we can easily analyse for this example, if we increase the customer value and give good services with the help of competitive advantage theories then we improve our input in a decent manner. Conclusion:- In this assignment I studied different types of competitive advantage theories and write a literature review on these theories with the help of different journals and papers. From all of these theories I develop my idea about firms performance and conclude how firm are ahead against the competitors. Firstly a firm has to look deeply into what it has, what it can do, what it can get. Secondly the competition is not between or within the industry or firm but sometimes the competition is all over the world where firm need to support about nationally (government) as well as internationally (suitable polices for international companies). For internationally success it is required to be able to transform a domestic position into a global one. Finally to create a competitive advantage the company required a continuous progress to innovate and to discover the competitive opportunities and exploit them. Firm should not stop improving the quality of its products and its methods. History of Art: From Middle Ages to Modern Times History of Art: From Middle Ages to Modern Times   Yodaniz Rodriguez Style: Early Renaissance Title: Madonna with Child Artist: Giovanni Bellini Date: 1450 1455 Material: oil on wood Location: Civico Museo Malaspina, Pavia Reference: (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.) The Madonna and Child images introduces one of the most amazing characteristic subjects in Bellinis art. However, this kind of work was not only used by Bellini. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) Minor and medium to small holy images designed for isolated and domestic ownership were unique features of art during the beginning 15th-century. Bellinis depictions are famous due to a gentle pressure that unceasingly stalemates the mother and child in an association of thoughtful bleakness. (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.) The replicas for these depictions of a Madonna were frequently done by Byzantine and Graeco-Cretans and were distributed in Venice. The unmoving, severe-looking Madonna and Child is comparable to Bartolomeo Vivarinis work. The slender limbs and motionlessness reveal the effect of Jacopo as well. However, the positively defined line of the Child and his transparent clothing conceivably originates from Squarcione, who was definitely an inspiration to Bellini during the creations of his work. (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.) The presence of light and shadow are evident in this particular work of art. The artist used color to contrast against a dark base showing composition of the figures. Facial features are not sharp yet there are shadows present on the face and limbs implying that there is light coming from their right side, illuminating them. Style: High Renaissance Title: Madonna of Belvedere Artist: Raffaello Sanzio Raphael Date: 1505 1506 Material: oil on wood Location: Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna Reference: (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.) The three individuals demonstrating immobility are depicted in an olive green field. These figures are accompanied by gentle facial expressions and impassioned hands. The Virgin Mary is depicted in a contrapposto posture. The artist seems to have used colors to signify specific details of the painting. The blue on Marys robes indicates the ecclesiastical and the red represents Christs passing. The Madonna stands still as the Mother Church with Christs martyr. Her eyes are fixed on the young Christ that sits on her lap while John the Baptists attention is also on the boy. I believe this is signifying his importance. The crown that sits upon her head seems to be curved to the left and slightly inclined as she holds up Christ while he rests tracing the small cross held by John. (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.) Raphael truly congests the reality of Mother Nature in this work and also in many of his other works. His style consisted of more real and natural figures. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) Distinct from previous depictions created during the Renaissance, this Madonna is illustrated within nature where most were illustrated sitting on a chair during this period. This painting provides a beautiful and impressive perspective in the contextual aspect as if to imply that the countryside itself is her chair. (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.) Although the figures are depicted as immobile, shadows exist under the figures and also within the hands of the Madonna as she holds Christ. Unlike Bellini, Raphael gave his subjects some more realistic and natural facial expressions. The use of light and color really brings out the joy of the characters. Style: Baroque Title: Madonna with Child Artist: Simon Vouet Date: First half of the 17th century Material: oil on canvas Location: Crozat de Tierra, Paris Reference: (Madonna with Child, n.d.) This preparation by Vouet was appropriately recognized and widespread. It was a recurrent style used by him during this period. The facial expressions of the Virgin consist of the outline of the artists wife, who had unfortunately expired before. It could be that Vouet created this illustration during a nostalgic and emotional period. (Madonna with Child, n.d.) Nevertheless, the image generates the proof of a massive effort due to the amount of natural detail presented. The character of the Madonna seems to be chiseled from a large rock, she is smooth and angular. It seems this painter struggled to highlight the spiritual tenderness of the Madonna and the Child. The child is displayed with the creases of the Madonnas clothing as his mother gazes upon him with affection and allows him to explore her face and clothing. (Madonna with Child, n.d.) The color used in this painting provides a contract to its dark background. The composition of the figures are evident through their position and color. This image inspires deep emotions of sadness and joy as they are depicted in a dark environment but are somewhat lively. The details of the lines of the characters are extraordinary. The childs body consists of natural bodily features as he sits upon the Madonna. The shadows used on the body of the child and the clothing of the mother are so realistic and imply more movement than the previous images discussed in this paper. The commencement Renaissance provided the emergence of more realistic portrayals of nature and human figures by artists who were stimulated by ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) The works illustrated during the Early Renaissance (14th and 15th century) demonstrate some of the severe medieval features, whereas masterpieces created during the High Renaissance period (late 15th and early 16th century) expose the wonderful scopes and balanced configurations related to the standards of the Classical world. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) The art created during the Baroque period (17th century) personified a lively energy that reflected the edgy essence of its era. In paintings, theatrical descriptions of faith motivated by the Catholic Churchs Counter-Reformation contrasted with animated demonstrations of the secular world normally created in the Protestant north. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) This was a period that consisted of more emotional and detailed works of the natural world. During this period, it seems that medieval influence was completely eradicated unlike the previous creations of the renaissance age. References Madonna of Belvedere. (n.d.). Retrieved from Khunts Historisches Museum Wien: https://www.khm.at/en/korean/ Madonna with Child. (n.d.). Retrieved from Arthermitage: http://www.arthermitage.org/Simon-Vouet/Madonna-with-Child.html Madonna with Child 1450-55. (n.d.). Retrieved from Religious Art: http://www.religious-art.org/Madonna-with-Child-1450-55.html Stokstad, M., Cothren, M. (2013). Art History Volume 2, 5th Edition. [South University]. Retrieved from https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781256992356/

THE NEW GENDER GAP Essay -- essays research papers

THE NEW GENDER GAP By This article talks about the educational, environmental, and social gap that has been created because girls are becoming a bigger part of the world today. It starts out by discussing a class of 2003 that had voted in their high school leaders. Everyone had voted in a male as senior class president. But after taking office, he quickly instructed all of the female members that he was the one calling all of the shots. Once the girls realized they out numbered the boys, they quickly impeached him and voted in a girl as class president. From the beginning of time women have been told they need to do their job, which was bearing children, taking care of the house as well as tending to their husband. That became an education base for teachers. Except this all changed when women took the place of their husband at work while they went off to war in World War I. A movement started to take place. Soon you started to slowly see women working. Mothers, caregivers, and educators began to make girls see that the opportunities for growth was great, and all they had to do was grab it. With each achievement a woman made, others praised them. The drive for women to succeed only became so great that more emphasis has been put on females, which leave the male gender lacking. It is shown there are 133 girls getting their BAS for every 100 boys, a number that is expected to grow to 142 women 100 men by the year 2010. While girls have better grades, are more thorough in th...

Environmental Factors Influencing Alton Towers Uk Tourism Essay Essay

It was a challenge for me to work on this project, because it is a learning process for me that how, I could tackle this question therefore I collected primary and secondary data for my project and try my best to analyze the whole situation and produce a good Peace of work. I gather information about Theme parks called Alton tower. After getting the brief knowledge about this theme park and their strength and weaknesses, through assess to Alton tower website. With the help of some good secondary data such as different website and books sources. I used some marketing strategies such as segmentation which is used to target different types of consumers and it will help to find out how this theme park can do something new among other competitor further I did a pest analyses , created a good pricing strategies which will help this theme parks to do long term planning and allow them to face different threats and problems in a defendable way . Political factor effect very much because Government changes frequently and every Government makes it own policy, which cancel or postponed the previous policies and new policies are implemented, which start their work from zero point and all the previous work and policies result fruitless. Such as theme park might have problems in pricing strategies , if Taxes increasing , expensive increasing , timing factor etc so due to this it can influence the theme park negatively . On other hand if government policies are in the favor of business sector so might be possible that it will help Alton Tower and they can earn more profit margins ,Such as recently UK government has reduce the VAT value added tax which will increase the demand of costumers coming towards theme parks more so this show that it’s a good step taken by government in favor of business sector. . Government Development When it comes to development so government some time can play a vital role in improving the society standard such as government can give funds to theme parks or provide good facilities for people who comes over there for  enjoyments such built sitting area , emergency help desk , locater and maps of London in theme parks for tourists . Environmental protection and regulation To protect the environment government always force the theme park management to be stick on this issue and aware there costumers to follow the regulation such as left eating items , garbic , should be through in dustbins and whole theme park should be Cover up by dustbins . Cars should be not allowed in theme parks they should have separate parking yard due to pollution which is spoiling the environment . Government should put billboards of Environmental protection and regulation on entrance of theme parks to aware people. Contract enforcing law over costumer’s safety. In this factor government will always try their best to make sure that theme parks are having good safety precaution for costumers and whole theme parks is fully covered by CCTV so that they can defend in good way against any dangerous situation. Economical Inflation In this factor if the price increase over all the UK and there is high amount of inflation in country so this will affect the theme park, because there will be a decrease in public spending due to inflation . further if inflation is rising so there will be increase in cost of theme parks such as expenses will rise up , therefore theme park will have no other option left and they will increase their tickets price also . Economic development If the Alton theme parks does a good business ever year such as many people or tourist love to come to UK for enjoyment and in this case Alton theme  park Is a good example of entertainment and many people would like to visit it due to this it will have a positive impact over economic conditions of UK, such as there will be increase in GDP , Globalization will increase and there will be a big boom in tourist industry . Employment Alton theme park is place which is full of entertainment and in this case many people want to visit it in different seasons such as summer vacations is a good season in which theme parks are fully crowded . To handle that demand of people Alton theme park will need workers in their organization every year . Theme park can play a vital role in seasonal employment which is good for economic growth because unemployment will be reduced. Mac Gee (2004) Pg 415, (themeparks UK, 2008), titley, b.pg 378 (1993). Social Life style changes When we talk about life style so now days different people have different life style . According to people they want something new in life so therefore they decide to have some good vacations or holidays so that they can stay relax for some time in such busy world , so theme park like Alton can play a vital role in changing life style of people this theme park can allow people to stay relax and have peace in their life such as it has good atmosphere , hotel nice fun place for family and couples . Population and age population and growth rate is a very important factor which can influence any business in a positive or negative way and when it comes to theme park like Alton tower , they need costumers so that they can have good business growth and UK has a good population which is helpful to this theme park and in this population theme parks are more attractive towards kids around 10 to 15 or  teen agers so this will help Alton theme parks to do segmentation of people who can be interested in theme parks and then they can target generation X (10-16 ) and Y (16 – 20 ) .more . Living conditions This is factor which Alton theme park should focus more because this theme parks have hotel arrangements for costumers therefore they have to be perfect in keeping good Quaintly standard living conditions so that customers are satisfied in a good way and once costumers are happy form there services this will help to improve theme parks image and good growth in sales what is pest analysis. (2008).

Teens and Plastic Surgery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1056 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Surgery Essay Did you like this example? Teenagers Going Under The Knife I often wonder what happened to the days when society was not so fixated on outward appearance. Our teenagers today are growing up in world in which there is enormous pressure to look a certain way and conform to an ideal set forth by others. In 2009 alone, teenagers 18 years and younger accounted for 2% or 203,308 surgeries of the almost 10 million performed nationwide (The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2009). Teenagers have an unrealistic view of the ideal body and undergo cosmetic surgery because of influence from personal relationships, media, and their mental health. Family should be a main source of strength and guidance for teenagers; however sometimes this relationship may not be so picture-perfect. Teenagers seek parental approval and attention, but if what they receive is criticism and neglect, this will definitely have a negative influence on the way they view themselves (Zuckerman, 2005). According to WebMD ( 2001), â€Å"More teens may be undergoing cosmetic surgery today because their parents have undergone it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Is Your Teen Right for Plastic Surgery? , para. 8). Parents need to be aware of their actions as well as verbal and nonverbal cues as this may provide a factor in their teenager undergoing cosmetic surgery. Acceptance and approval by their peers is very important to teenagers (Henrie, 2010). With this knowledge, people may find an understanding of how peers may provide an influence on why a teenager wants cosmetic surgery. If their peers believed a thin body was the ideal, then teenagers would adopt this ideal for themselves as well (Dohnt Tiggemann, 2006). Another factor that may contribute to a teenager considering cosmetic surgery is the bullying or harassment they endure by peers both in school and out of school. According to the Cosmetic Surgeon (2008), â€Å"Children are very cruel and there’s a lot of stigma attached to appearance. † This statement may be true; however for a child to consider cosmetic surgery because of bullying or harassment endured by one’s peers is absurd. In reality, it is the person or people doing the bullying who need to change, not vice versa. Today’s teenagers are very much into popular culture and keeping up with the latest trends; whether it is clothing, music, or the hair styles. Teenagers are also very susceptible of idolizing celebrities and wanting to be just like them. Young women who watch television shows that feature women with â€Å"curvaceously thin† bodies are likely to accept this as their personal ideal body type (Zuckerman Abraham,  2008). Woinarowicz  (2007),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Teenagers idolize celebrities and want their perfect bodies but do not always realize that celebrities go through many cosmetic surgeries to look like Barbie and they used to be imperfect just like them. Perfection is costly and risky† (para. 11). Not only does idolizing c elebrities play a factor, but the media does as well. Cosmetic surgery has been the subject of previously on-air television shows such as â€Å"The Swan†, â€Å"Extreme Makeover† and MTV’s documentary â€Å"I Want a Famous Face. Reality shows such as these seem to glamorize cosmetic surgery and give the wrong message to teenagers. â€Å"The media is only making teenagers more self-conscious, than they already are, of their bodies and having them wish for a body that is fake and impossible to obtain without having numerous cosmetic surgeries done† (Woinarowicz,  2007, p. 3). When a teenager considers cosmetic surgery and seeks a consultation with a doctor, the doctor should always take into account the teenager’s mental health state. Cosmetic surgery is certainly not the answer to cure mental health problems. Henrie (2008), â€Å"Those affected by body image disorders or depression may be particularly vulnerable† (What Are the Risks of Child Plastic Surgery? , para. 6). Because of this vulnerability in our teenagers, parents should seek treatment of counseling with a mental health professional instead of cosmetic surgery to cure their child. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a disorder that may not be familiar to many people. By definition, the term body dysmorphic disorder usually means â€Å"A psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with imagined defects in physical appearance. People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are obsessed by the idea that some part of their body their hair, nose, skin, hips, whatever is ugly or deformed, when in truth it looks normal† MedicineNet (2003). People who have BDD want cosmetic surgery to fix their imperfections; in reality, they are making their problem worse. Once they correct one â€Å"defect,† they will be fixated on what to correct next (Palkhivala, 2001). Although experts are not sure of the exact cause of BDD, they believe it i s linked to problems with serotonin (Nemours,  2010). To treat body dysmorphic disorder properly, a person may need cognitive behavioral therapy or medication (Palkhivala, 2001). According to WebMD (2001), â€Å"Our society places a high premium on physical attractiveness and rewards those who are slender, youthful and handsome† (Why Teens Turn to Plastic Surgery, para. 2). Growing up in today’s society, the last thing a teenager should be concerned about is their outward appearance. Though there are numerous contributing factors to why a teenager may contemplate cosmetic surgery, we should do our part as a society to ensure that we are not a contributing factor. Next time one senses a teenager has issues with their appearance, be pro-active and take action so we may prevent the course of action a teenager may take, which may be cosmetic surgery. References Body dysmorphic disorder. (2003). In MedicineNet. Retrieved from https://www. medterms. com/script/main/a rt. asp? articlekey=11060 Cosmetic Surgeon. (2008). Children turn to plastic surgery to avoid bullying, revealed by doctor. Retrieved from https://www. cosmeticsurgeon. co. uk/blog/children-turn-to-plastic-surgery-to-avoid-bullying-revealed-by-doctor/ Dohnt, H. Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 35(2), 135-145. doi:10. 1007/s10964-005-9020-7. Henrie, J. (2008). What Parents Must Know About Children’s Cosmetic Surgery Read more: https://www. articlesbase. com/health-articles/what-parents-must-know-about-childrens- cosmeticsurgery-306654. html#ixzz0msnnyPTC Under Creative Commons License: Attribution. Free Articles. Retrieved from https://www. articlesbase. com/health-articles/ What-parents-must-know-about-childrens-cosmetic-surgery-306654. html   Nemours. (2010). TeensHealth. Retrieved from https://kidshealth. org/teen/your_mind/body_image/body_image_problem. html# Pal khivala, A. (2001). When surgery cant make you pretty. WebMD. Retrieved from https://www. webmd. com/news/20010711/when-surgery-cant-make-you-pretty   The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. (2009). The mark of distinction is cosmetic plastic surgery. Retrieved from https://www. surgery. org/   WebMD. (2001). Is Plastic Surgery a Teen Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teens and Plastic Surgery" essay for you Create order